Gene regulation does not stop at finding the gene. The dynamic nature of the multisubunit protein complex and its complex functional impact are described in detail. A set of factors called polycomb group (PcG) proteins is involved in modifying the chromatin structure and subsequently regulating a large number of genes. Factors involved in opening and closing specific regions control the accessibility of genes (Guertin and Lis, 2012). Genes are not active when they are in the compacted form. In a living cell, DNA is packaged into a highly compact form called chromatin. If stretched out, the total length of DNA from a human cell is about 3 m. The issue starts with the packaging of human DNA. ( 2014) focused on the mechanism that opens and closes specific regions in the chromatin. We have invited scientists on the leading edge in their respective fields to share their expertise and perspectives. Understanding the mechanism of gene expression will help us to understand the formation and evolution of life and to find possible cures for diseases. However, the fact is that all the different tissues and cells in my body contain the same DNA and it is the differential expression profiles that created the functional diversity. For example, when I compare a string of my hair and my finger tip, they appear so different, as if they are made from different genetic materials. ![]() Transcription is the key step that controls the “on and off” of genes and subsequently underlines the identity and the status of the cell (Young, 2011 Lee and Young, 2013). The central dogma of gene expression includes two sequential steps: transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein). ![]() Clearly, the level of complexity of the organism is achieved by regulating available genes, not simply by introducing more genes. For example, a human has about 20 000 protein-coding genes, which is ∼6000 more than a fruit fly, ∼2000 more than Caenorhabditis elegans, and ∼14 000 more than budding yeast, but ∼10 000 less than a lab mouse, ∼5000 less than the model plant Arabidopsis, and ∼17 000 less than rice. However, the number of genes does not reflect the complexity of the organism. In the form of DNA or RNA, it carries the raw genetic information that can be turned into functional products, usually proteins. ![]() Control transcription, control gene expressionĪ gene has been traditionally viewed as the basic molecular unit of heredity (Crick, 1958 1970).
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